Biocompatible nanomaterials for targeted and controlled delivery of biomacromolecules / Deepak N. Kapoor and Sanju Dhawan.

Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 29, 2013).

Includes bibliographical references (p. 38-47) and index.

1. Nanomaterials: a brief introduction --

2. Tissue and blood-material interactions -- 2.1 Tissue response -- 2.2 Blood response -- 2.3 Cellular response --

3. Biocompatibility --

4. Biodegradation --

5. Biocompatible and biodegradable nanomaterials -- 5.1 Organic nanomaterials -- 5.1.1 Natural and modified natural nanomaterials -- 5.1.2 Synthetic polymeric nanomaterials -- 5.2 Stealth nanomaterials -- 5.3 Inorganic nanomaterials -- 5.3.1 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) -- 5.3.2 Quantum dots (QDs) -- 5.3.3 End-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles -- 5.4 Metal nanoparticles -- 5.4.1 Gold nanoparticles (Au-Nps) -- 5.4.2 Silver nanoparticles -- 5.5 Magnetic nanoparticles -- 5.6 Nanocomposites, nanofibres and nanowires -- 5.7 Hybrid nanomaterials -- 5.8 Virus-like nanocarriers -- 5.9 Multifunctional nanoparticles --

6. Biomacromolecules -- 6.1 Cell penetrating peptides in biomacromolecular delivery -- 6.2 Targeted biomacromolecular delivery --

7. Challenges in biomacromolecular delivery --

8. Preparation techniques of biocompatible nanostructures -- 8.1 Top-down techniques -- 8.1.1 Dispersion of preformed polymers -- 8.1.2 Polymerization methods -- 8.1.3 Ionic gelation method for hydrophilic polymers -- 8.1.4 Hybrid assemblies -- 8.2 Bottom-up techniques -- 8.3 Scalable methods --

9. Characterization and evaluation -- 9.1 Drug-polymer compatibility -- 9.2 Particle size and shape -- 9.3 Zeta potential -- 9.4 Drug release evaluation -- 9.5 Conformational stability -- 9.6 Biocompatibility studies -- 9.7 Pre-clinical evaluation --

10. Regulatory perspectives --

11. Industrial viability --

12. Conclusions -- References.

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Nanomaterials are organic or inorganic entities employed for the construction of various nanostructured devices or systems with nanometric dimensions. These nanostructures may include nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, nanocapsules, nanocomposites as well as nanoporous solids. Nanomaterials have gained immense recognition, particularly in biomacromolecular delivery, owing to their capability of controlling the release rate or targeting the therapeutic moieties at molecular, cellular and organ level. Additionally, the problems of conformational and degradation stability associated with biomacromolecules like peptides, proteins, and genes have been addressed successfully by employing these nanomaterials. The degradation products of these biocompatible nanomaterials are non-toxic, non-immunogenic and easily resorbable by the regular physiological processes. The present chapter endeavors to describe the role of nanomaterials in the design, fabrication and development of various nanostructured, biomacromolecular delivery systems and devices. The chapter presents a discussion on various physicochemical properties, preparation techniques and analytical tools for characterizing these systems. The mechanisms of cellular internalization of nanomaterial based targeted systems are also discussed. Taking lead from various successful case studies, the present chapter provides a bird's eye view on the current advances in the field of nanomaterial based biomacromolecular delivery. A brief overview pertaining to the regulatory requirements and commercialization of these systems is also included. Various challenges posed during the development, scale up and large-scale production is also discussed. In a nutshell, besides, providing the salient details about the formulation and applications of biocompatible nanomaterials, the chapter would act as a ready reference for drug delivery scientists, device fabrication engineers and medical researchers working in this area.