Religious actors and international law / Ioana Cismas.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 315-336) and index.

Machine generated contents note: I. From Religion to Religious Actors -- II. Societal Pertinence and Legal Relevance -- III. From (In)compatibility Towards Accountability -- I. RELIGION, ITS ACTORS, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW -- 1. Religion and International Law Revisited -- I. Introduction -- II. Narratives on Religion and International Law -- 1. Acknowledging and recuperating religion -- 2. Insisting on the separation of law and religion -- 3. Recasting the debate: religious actors and their accountability framework -- III. Relevant Provisions of International Law -- 1. International instruments -- 2. Regional human rights instruments -- 3. International humanitarian law and criminal law instruments -- 4. Freedom of religion : a customary norm? -- IV. Conclusion -- 2. Religious Actors as an Analytical Category -- I. Introduction -- II. Definitional Contours of Religious Actors -- 1. Transcending the state/non-state divide and assuming the role of interpreters of religion.

Contents note continued: 2. Claiming'special' legitimacy -- III. Religious Actors' Cooperation and Divergence in International Fora -- 1. Sexuality and reproduction -- 2.'Defamation of religions' -- IV. The'Acquisition of Rights and Obligations in International Law -- 1. The (still) dominant narrative : the subjects doctrine -- 2. The'capacity approach' and the'reconceptualization' of international legal personality -- V. Conclusion -- II. OPERATIONALIZING THE ANALYTICAL CATEGORY OF RELIGIOUS ACTORS -- 3. Religious Organizations Under the European Convention Regime -- I. Introduction -- II. Religious Organizations as Claimants of Rights Under the European Convention -- 1. The non-governmental requirement and established churches -- 2. The victim requirement and the rights invoked by religious organizations -- 2.1. Religious organizations as claimants of rights under articles 6, 13, 10, 11 and article 1 of Protocol 1.

Contents note continued: 2.2. Non-profit legal entities pursuing religious or philosophical objects as exceptional right holders under Article 9 -- 2.2.1. Freedom of religion and belief denied to profit-making corporations -- 2.2.2. Freedom of conscience denied to non-profit organizations -- 2.3. A right of religious organizations not to have their religious feelings offended? -- 2.4. Parental rights under article 2 of Protocol 1 for religious organizations? -- III. Positive Obligations of States and the Responsibilities of Religious Organizations in the Context of Church Autonomy -- 1. The right to religious autonomy -- 1.1. The scope of religious autonomy -- 2. Positive state obligations and the responsibilities of religious organizations -- 2.1. The principle of voluntariness as the sole limitation to church autonomy in the early case law of the EComHR -- 2.1.1. Xu Denmark and Hautaniemi v. Sweden -- 2.1.2. Early alternative approaches.

Contents note continued: 2.2. The procedural and substantive limitations to church autonomy in recent case law of the ECtHR -- 2.2.1. Pellegrini v. Italy : a new approach to church autonomy -- 2.2.2. Lombardi Vallauri v. Italy : the assertion of procedural limitations -- 2.2.3. Church employment cases : the emergence of substantive limitations -- 2.2.4. Assessing the legitimacy of religious interpretations -- IV. Conclusion -- 4. The Holy See-Vatican State-Like Construct -- I. Introduction -- II. Some Preliminary Observations on the Personality Question -- III. The Post-1870 International Status of the Holy See -- IV. The Personality Question Read in the Light of the Lateran Treaty -- 1. Territory -- 2. Permanent population -- 3. Government -- 4. Independence -- 4.1. Independence from a state versus independence from an international person -- 4.2. The relation between the Holy See and the Vatican and its implications for statehood.

Contents note continued: 4.2.1. The Lateran Treaty subordinates the Vatican to the Holy See -- 4.2.2. The Lateran Treaty does not establish agency or representation -- V. Self-Perception of the Holy See and the Logic Behind the Dual Personality Scenario -- VI. On Practice -- 1. The personality question and bilateral diplomatic relations -- 1.1. The US-Holy See relations: recognition of a state or a church? -- 2. The personality question in domestic jurisprudence -- 2.1. Contrasting Banque du Gothard and Marcinkus and Others -- 2.2. Holy See v. Starbright Sales Enterprises -- 2.3. The personality question and clerical child sexual abuse in US courts -- 3. Participation in international organizations and multilateral conventions -- 3.1. The Universal Postal Union : erratic practice of two personalities or the practice of a construct? -- 3.2. The Holy See and its permanent observer state status at the UN -- 4. International human rights treaties and the Holy See's obligations.

Contents note continued: 4.1. The Holy See's reservations to the Convention on the Rights of the Child -- 4.2. Challenging the Holy See's understanding of its obligations under the Convention on the Rights of the Child -- 4.3. An'intermezzo' on the practice of the Committee on Elimination of Racial Discrimination -- 4.4. The Holy See's obligations under the CRC concerning clerical child sexual abuse in the Irish context -- VII. Conclusion -- 5. The Organization of Islamic Cooperation as Interpreter of Human Rights in the Context of Islam -- I. Introduction -- II. The OIC as an Actor with Religious Contours and its Internal Diversity -- III. Regionalism and Cultural Relativism -- 1. The fragmentation framework and regionalism -- 2. Cultural relativism : from challenging the universality of human rights to forging their legitimacy -- IV. The OIC: Between'Religionalism' and Regionalism -- 1. The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam.

Contents note continued: 1.1. Human rights law'in accordance with Islamic Shari'ah' -- 1.1.1. The missing rights -- 1.1.2. Sharia limitation clauses -- 1.1.3. Islamic reservations to human rights treaties -- 1.1.4. Sharia as the interpretative principle of the Cairo Declaration -- 1.2. The Cairo Declaration's influence and the accountability of the OIC -- 2. The Covenant on the Rights of the Child in Islam -- 2.1. The missing right: religious freedom -- 2.2. Religious limitations and clawback clauses -- 2.3. General convergence with the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the potential for increased protection -- 2.4. Coherence with the system of international law -- 3. The OIC Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission -- 3.1. Mandate of the OIC IPHRC -- 3.2. Procedural aspects -- V. Conclusion -- Conclusions: Accountability and Legitimacy -- I. Do Religious Actors Form an Autonomous Legal Category? -- II. A Tale of Legitimacy.